The Witch of Blackbird Pond: A Puritan Style of Teaching

The book, The Witch of Blackbird Pond, is about a little youngster named Katherine who is driven away from her rich home in Barbados to live with family members in puritan New England after her grandfather†s passing. Katherine makes some hard memories tolerating the emotional distinction between the two societies. For example, in the start of the book Katherine jumps into the waterway to recover a toy for a kid on the pontoon. The New Englanders on board the boat gaze at her with dissatisfaction since they were not familiar with ladies that realized how to swim. Before the finish of the book Katherine is charged as a witch since she decided to become a close acquaintence with a Quaker lady and declined to thoroughly change to the puritan lifestyle. Training assumes a major job in this book in two different ways. This epic shows the puritan style of instructing. It additionally portrays the Puritan perspective on who and what instruction was intended for. One of Katherine†s employments during her time in New England was to teache in a woman school. In her group she was assume to show the youngsters their letters in order and essential understanding abilities. The correct method to encourage the kids was through retention and reiteration. Katherine discovered this encouraging style exhausting and less successful than her own showing style which utilized verse and acting to keep children† consideration. One of Katherine's exercise plans turned crazy. She had the youngsters showcase a piece of the Bible and it made a battle between a couple of the understudies. As the interruption happened the director of the school strolled in to the room. He was humiliated at the trouble making of the kids as well as at the action Katherine had made. Katherine was terminated because of this occurrence. This piece of the book indicated that puritans instructed through reiteration and remembrance and disliked imagination in the study hall. It is additionally evident how much impact their religion had on training. I another piece of the book Katherine chooses to show a youngster, who can't go to class, to peruse. Katherine utilized a hornbook and later the Bible to show the kid. This piece of the story shows the two fundamental materials used to show kids as of now. It additionally calls attention to that not all kids were permitted to go to class. This book gives a genuine case of how youngsters were educated during the seventeenth century in the New England provinces. You can likewise observe that religion impacted training during this timeframe. By perusing this book I have acknowledged how much the training framework has changed, and as I would see it improved, since this country†s starting. The Witch of Blackbird Pond: A Puritan Style of Teaching The book, The Witch of Blackbird Pond, is about a little youngster named Katherine who is driven away from her exquisite home in Barbados to live with family members in puritan New England after her grandfather†s passing. Katherine makes some hard memories tolerating the sensational distinction between the two societies. For example, in the start of the book Katherine jumps into the waterway to recover a toy for a youngster on the vessel. The New Englanders on board the boat gaze at her with objection since they were not acquainted with ladies that realized how to swim. Before the finish of the book Katherine is charged as a witch since she decided to become a close acquaintence with a Quaker lady and declined to absolutely change to the puritan lifestyle. Training assumes a major job in this book in two different ways. This epic shows the puritan style of instructing. It additionally depicts the Puritan perspective on who and what training was intended for. One of Katherine†s employments during her time in New England was to teache in a woman school. In her group she was assume to show the youngsters their letters in order and essential understanding abilities. The correct method to instruct the kids was through remembrance and reiteration. Katherine discovered this training style exhausting and less powerful than her own showing style which utilized verse and acting to keep children† consideration. One of Katherine's exercise plans turned crazy. She had the kids showcase a piece of the Bible and it made a battle between a couple of the understudies. As the disturbance happened the director of the school strolled in to the room. He was humiliated at the misconduct of the youngsters as well as at the action Katherine had made. Katherine was terminated because of this episode. This piece of the book demonstrated that puritans instructed through redundancy and remembrance and disapproved of inventiveness in the homeroom. It is additionally evident how much impact their religion had on training. I another piece of the book Katherine chooses to show a youngster, who can't go to class, to peruse. Katherine utilized a hornbook and later the Bible to show the youngster. This piece of the story shows the two primary materials used to show youngsters right now. It additionally calls attention to that not all kids were permitted to go to class. This book gives a genuine case of how kids were instructed during the seventeenth century in the New England provinces. You can likewise observe that religion affected instruction during this timespan. By perusing this book I have acknowledged how much the instruction framework has changed, and as I would see it improved, since this country†s starting.

Frankenstein Essays - Frankenstein, English-language Films

Frankenstein Frankenstein Morality. It has been addressed by individuals, regarded by individuals and adored since the get-go. However even today not one individual can say what is ethically right. It involves supposition. It was Dr.Victor Frankenstein's assessment that it was okay to make a beast. Frankenstein's creation required a partner. Realizing that his first creation was malevolent should the specialist make a second? With the current information, to Dr.Frankenstein, it isn't at all ethically right to carry another beast into the world. Taking a gander at this probelm in view of his family, the specialist starts his work on the subsequent beast. The main beast undermined Frankenstein and even his family. The beast indignantly said to Frankenstein, I can make you so pitiful. (pg. 162) Trying to startle Frankenstein for not making his mate the beast turned to dangers. On the off chance that the great specialist creates an ally for his first creation he might be imperiling others. The hopele ss beast whom I had made, (pg.152) says Victor after glancing back at his work. In the event that there is another beast there will be double the force and conceivably double the malicious, which could damage or execute his family. When and if Frankenstein submits the ethical sin of making another beast he might be freed of the two beasts until the end of time. With the buddy you give I will stop the area of man,(pg 142) guarantees the ethically degenerate beast to the specialist upon the finishing of his accomplice. At the point when the specialist, if and when he, completed his first creation's mate quite possibly the beasts won't stay faithful to their commitment and remain in Europe envoking dread into townfolk. The great specialist, attempting to act ethically, devastates the beast to benefit the world. The beasts can conceivably assume control over whatever they please. A race of fallen angels would be propegated,(pg. 163) thinks Frankenstein to himself in his investigation. T he beasts, if ground-breaking enough, might assume control over Europe. Frankenstein understands that he can not in any way, shape or form fate the world to profit himself. Will I, in coold blood, set free upon the earth a daemon..(pg. 162) contends Frankenstein with his creation. It isn't ethically directly for one individual to release such a fear on the world to profit just himself and his family. Frankenstein won't let any model alter his perspective on the point that the beast is and will consistently be ethically corupt. Proceeding on his point that the beast was too shrewd to even think about duplicating, Frankenstein says, Your dangers can't move me to do a demonstration of evil; yet they affirm me in assurance of not making you a friend in bad habit.( pg. 163) Frankenstein won't penance his morallity on account of persuation from a beast. Despite the fact that viewing the danger of death and hopelessness Frankenstein held his ground and didn't forfeit his good. When and if Frankenstein makes another beast he can not feel as though he has done the ethically right thing. From making the beast Frankenstein will some how make individuals other than himself miserable. I agree to your interest, on your solem vow to very Europe everlastingly, and each other spot in the area of man,(pg. 143) says Frankenstein as he sees the force that the two might have. The great specialist sees that with his own hands he might scar the world until the end of time. The specialist needs, on the off chance that anybody, himself to be troubled rather than all of humankind. Begone! I do break my guarantee, (pg. 162) states the specialist indignantly. Not contemplating himself however the world unselfishly breaks his guarantee to the beast. Having such an incredible brain the specialist can understand that a more prominent malevolence will be realesed upon the earth then upon himself. Your dangers can't move me to do a demonstration of wickedness,(pg. 162) says the specialist as he contends his point with his creation. The specialist sees that a more prominent and progressively frightful outcome can emerge out of him making the second beast than not. With the current information, to Dr.Frankenstein, it isn't at all ethically right to carry another beast into the world. From one viewpoint if the subsequent beast Frankenstein Essays - Frankenstein, English-language Films Frankenstein By Mary Shelley 236 pages Setting: Geneva, England Characters: Victor Frankenstein-A decided man who hushes up about everything. He is solid, fearless, and keen. The animal A benevolent soul that is misjudged in light of the fact that he is so terrible. He executed individuals simply because Victor wouldn't make him a spouse. Plot- In the initial five sections you find out about where Victor lives and about his old neighborhood. His loved ones are likewise told about. He likewise offers life to the animal. In sections six through ten Victor gets back and discovers William was killed. Victor sees the animal close to his town and thinks it was him who executed William. A young lady named Justine was additionally blamed for Williams' passing and was seen as blameworthy in court. She was slaughtered for the wrongdoing she didn't do. In the following five sections you get some answers concerning the animals life and how he figured out how to talk and read. He recounts to an amazing narrative to Victor. In parts sixteen through twenty the animal completes a mind-blowing account and requested that Victor make him a female so he could move to the rainforest with her in South America. Victor and a companion Clerval went to London and numerous different nations. Clerval later left Victor and Victor went to an island in Scotland to chip away at a female. One night Victor concluded he was not going to make the female and tore her body parts separated. After that the animal strolled in and stated, I will be with you on your big day and afterward left. The following day night Victor departed on a vessel and tossed the body pieces in the sea. He returned to the Island and was blamed for homicide. In the last sections Victor saw the body of Clerval's and got debilitated for a long time. At the point when he returned home he wedded Elizabeth and she was executed the primary night they were together. Not long after Elizabeth's passing Victor's dad kicked the bucket. Victor pursued the animal till he himself passed on in Antarctica. After Victor kicked the bucket the animal vanished until the end of time. I figured out how hard it could be to appear as something else and ridiculed. I can apply it in my life since everybody is extraordinary and individuals are frequently ridiculed for being unique. I resemble Victor since I am likewise extremely resolved to prevail throughout everyday life. I wish I could be as fearless as Victor was in the story.

How To Feel More Relaxed

How To Feel More Relaxed Stress Management Management Techniques Relaxation Print How to Become Relaxed in Your Life By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on December 11, 2019 Feeling relaxed is easy with PMR, meditation, and other simple strategies. Brand New Images/ Getty Images More in Stress Management Management Techniques Relaxation Physical Techniques Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress The skills of becoming relaxed when necessary and remaining relaxed whenever possible can be transformative and can make a measurable difference in health. This is because living in a state of chronic stressâ€"remaining physiologically stressed over long periods of time, without triggering your bodys relaxation responseâ€"can impact your health in a variety of negative ways. Learning to become relaxed readily and easily can bring a healthier and more enjoyable life. Fortunately, there are several simple ways to become more relaxed quickly and easily. They each bring their own unique benefits, so its good to know a variety of techniques that you can use to become relaxed in a pinch. Here are some of my top recommendations: Breathing Exercises Breathing exercises are a terrific way to become relaxed quickly and easily--they can be done by just about anyone, anywhere and at any time. Slowing your breathing, breathing from your diaphragm, and even using a breathing visualization are ways to use breathing exercises to relax your body and your mind. Breathing Exercises to Reduce Stress Meditation Meditation is a very old, proven strategy for becoming and remaining more relaxed. Popular in the east for centuries, its enjoyed a huge rise in popularity in the West in recent years as researchers have found proven benefits in scientific studies. Meditation isnt difficult, but it does take practice. Fortunately, regular practice can help you to feel relaxed during and after each session and, over time, can actually help you to be less reactive to new stress you face. How to Practice Basic Mindfulness Meditation PMR (Progressive Muscle Relaxation) Progressive Muscle Relaxation, or PMR, is one of my oft-used methods of getting relaxed quickly. The technique involves tensing and relaxing muscles systematically from head to toe (or from toe to head), thereby releasing tension and ushering in the relaxation response. With practice, this technique allows for total-body relaxation in a matter of seconds. Its an easy but very effective method of becoming quickly relaxed. Reduce Tension with Progressive Muscle Relaxation Visualizations Because the body reacts physically to the imagery created by the mind, visualizations are an effective form of getting relaxed and are as simple and fun as daydreaming. There are many, many different visualizations you can try to get more relaxed and reverse your bodys stress response. You can visualize yourself in a relaxing location, visualize a positive result from a stressing scenario, or, more simply, just visualize tension and stress leaving your body with each breath. Visualization Techniques for Relaxation Have a Good Laugh Laughter is a wonderful, natural way to release tension in your body and get your mind in a better place so your stressors dont seem so...stressful. If you have the time, I heartily recommend seeing a nice, funny movie or reading a funny book to get a little laughter into your day. But if you dont have the time in the schedule for that, simply maintaining a sense of humor throughout your regular day can help quite a bit in the way of keeping you relaxed. There are many benefits of laughter. Strategies for maintaining a sense of humor are great tools for stress relief. How to Laugh in the Face of Stress Change Your Perspective Much of what stresses you comes not from your stressors/link] themselves, but from your response to them. More specifically, your interpretation of your stressors, as well as your approach to dealing with them, can make the events themselves feel much more (or less) stressful. Happily, you can choose different thoughts, even if you cant choose different life circumstances. And there are a few tricks for gaining a better perspective for remaining relaxed under trying conditions: first, you can adopt the thinking style of optimists by interpreting certain facets of a situation in a way that brings hope and eliminates self-doubt. You can also adopt the view that you may have more power in a situation than you realize (called having an internal locus of control, which is also known to eliminate feelings of stress), and then looking for new solutions. Finally, be sure that youre not already sabotaging yourself with overly negative thinking, and read over these common distorted thinking patterns, or cognitive distortionsâ€"do any sound familiar? If so, you can become aware of them and eliminate this type of thinking. Ongoing Practice Works Wonders Each of these practices can be effective for stress relief. However, some may appeal to you more than others, or some may work best in certain situations. Try as many as you can and see what fits best for you. Whatever strategies you use, practice them and use them often, and you can maintain a much more relaxed lifestyle. Your stress management efforts will be most effective if you continue to learn about stress and practice stress relief techniques regularly. Stress management resources can help you to find ongoing information and support to help you to manage stress in your life from now on.

Affirmative Action And Its Effects On Affirmative

Throughout America there are many different views on the effects of affirmative action. Many see it as a negative policy which gives an unnecessary advantage to minorities in America. In a 2009 Pew Poll, â€Å"58% of African Americans agree† and only â€Å"22% whites agree† that there should be â€Å"preferential treatment to improve the position of blacks and other minorities† (Public Backs Affirmative Action†). Today affirmative action and other racial injustices tend to be in the spotlight quite often, such as in â€Å"Fisher v University of Texas at Austin† case which highlighted that many highly qualified white prospective students are passed over for less qualified minority students to attempt to make the university more diverse using the affirmative action initiative (â€Å"Voices: Affirmative Action†). Affirmative action or positive discrimination is a policy in which those who have been discriminated on in the past or who tend to be discriminated on presently are favored, usually in relation to education or jobs. It was introduced by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 to attempt to reduce the discrimination still continuing despite the civil rights movements. Later it was further developed and enforced by President Lyndon B. Johnson. A professor of English at San Jose University, Shelby Steele, an African American man, spoke of his views of the negative impacts of affirm ative action in his book, â€Å"The Content of Our Character: A New Vision of Race in America.† In Steele’s book he discreditsShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action And Its Effect On Society Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on a person’s race is wrong. For this reason affirmative action in higher education admission should alter for it creates a perpetual racial preference in admission. Affirmative action is controversial due its issue of whether the generation of today should pay for the past injustices done to certain ethnicities. It questions the constitutionality of its existence and whether it perpetuates racial discrimination. Although affirmative action greatly promotes diversity and exposes diverse perspectivesRead MoreThe Necessity and Effects of Affirmative Action2602 Words   |  11 PagesThe Necessity and Effects of Affirmative Action in the United States of America * Outline Introduction Opener: A brief explanation on the Affirmative Action Policy Thesis statement: Having the Affirmative Action Policy is necessary as it has its strengths and weaknesses that affect the citizens of the United States of America. The Affirmative Action Policy was absolutely a necessity in the 1960s which was when the policy was first implemented. The policy was a necessity to overcome theRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Effect On Education2230 Words   |  9 PagesAffirmative Action(,/;?) Necessary or Detrimental to Education? Martin Luther King Jr. once proclaimed â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.† This quote is infamous, and has been adopted as the essential basis of the minority equality movement. However, minority equality supporters and activists also support a policy that directly contradicts Martin Luther KingRead MoreEssay on The Negative Effects of Affirmative Action on Education1472 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity was required to select a set amount of minorities before them thanks to something knows as affirmative action. On the other hand, you may be a minority who simply can’t earn the feeling of equality because of educational and employed handicaps. Affirmative action in our education system it an unjust practice that we can do without if we can learn to live in a color-blind society. Affirmative action was first established in 1961 in order to ensure that minorities could secure a job based on theirRead MoreAffirmative Action: The Discriminatory Effect Essay example2061 Words   |  9 PagesConsequently, governments around the globe began enacting a system of affirmative action, in other words, a system that would give minorities certain advantages in society in order to achieve level the playing field (Hanmer 7). Although affirmative action was established as a means to promote equality, it can prove to have adverse effects, such as discrimination against minorities and whites, and harming society. Affirmative action in the United States has a long and complicated history. At firstRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Effects On The United States1100 Words   |  5 Pagesprovision that government contractors take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.† Affirmative Action policies have always been controversial, largely because of the allegation that they cause employers to give preference in hiring to less-qualified minorities or females over more-qualified white males. Affirmative action was first created in an effort to help minoritiesRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Effects On College Demographics Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagesto race is a positive liberal act, however affirmative action is evolving into quite a social strain. Colleges that endorse affirmative action are alleviating racial pressures based on college demographics but creating repercussions that are impacting all races and ages. If we continue burying the issues with affirmative action, we will not only be lessening the meaning of education but creating isolation between cultures. The history of affirmative action began on March 6, 1961, when President JohnRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Effect On Minority Minorities For Jobs, Promotions, And Educational Opportunities1318 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative action is described in sociology as, policies and programs that aim to avoid discrimination and redress past discrimination through the active recruitment of qualified minorities for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. (i.e. Exp. Soc., pg 280). In other words, the law was put in place as an attempt to create pluralism in the United States structure of opportunity. When describing affirmative action, the generalized assumption is individuals being handed opportunities basedRead More The Effects that Affirmative Action Has Had on Past and Future Endeavors of Minorities in the United States2847 Words   |  12 PagesAfrican Americans. That equalizer is affirmative action. Affirmative action is a policy or a program that seeks to redress past di scrimination through active measures to ensure equal opportunity, as in education and employment. In addition to providing equal opportunity, affirmative action also serves as a form of reparation for the actions by white America in the past. With the advancement of African Americans in this society, some argue that affirmative action actually is a way to declare inferiorityRead MoreThe Ban On Affirmative Action902 Words   |  4 Pagesplan on researching why California and other states should uplift the ban of Affirmative Action is establishments like universities. Removing the ban on Affirmative Action would help encourage and advance that generally don’t gravitate towards higher education thus equalizing the playing field in terms of success in future life. So California should heavily consider lifting the legislative bans on the Affirmative Action Plan because although all Americans should be treated as equals, there are instances

Definition Of Human Nature In Hobbess Leviathan - 1191 Words

Hobbes’ conception of human nature as detailed in Leviathan is largely influenced by his first-hand experiences in 17th century England. As detailed in lecture, Hobbes’ life was characterized by constant fear, which reached its apex during the English Civil War. During the conflict, he saw a society with no clear sovereign power ripping itself apart in a state of absolute war. Published at the end of the War, Hobbes’ Leviathan details his thoughts on the importance of a clearly defined sovereign and the absolute power with which that sovereign should be instilled. His beliefs about the natural tendencies of humans drive his thesis and an analysis of his view of human nature clearly shows this; in fact, it can be shown that Hobbes tailors†¦show more content†¦Much like the animal kingdom, humankind outside of civil society is driven by the instinct to survive and the distrust of potential threats. Hobbes’ equality of humans in their ability to kill one another, as described in Chapter 13, makes even the weakest humans, who â€Å"either by secret machination, or by confederacy with others† (618) can kill the strongest, a potential threat; in other words, Hobbes sees every human in the state of nature as naturally threatening to every other human. He comments on this natural distrust in his conception of diffidence and writes that â€Å"from this diffidence of one another, there is no way for any man to secure himself †¦ till he see no other power great enough to endanger him,† (618-619). To make matters worse, Hobbes also believes that there is a natural human tendency toward glory. He writes that a natural appetite of humanity is that â€Å"[j]oy, arising from imagination of a man’s own power and ability, which is called GLORIFYING,† (595). This in itself might not appear to affect humanity negatively. However, Hobbes believes that in the state of nature, it is one of the principal causes of violence, as it makes people â€Å"pursue farther than their security requires †¦ for [their own] reputation,† (619). This, coupled with humanity’s â€Å"desire †¦ to kill, subdue, supplant, or repel the other† (610) in aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Thomas Hobbess Claim A State of Nature Is, or Would Be, a State of War of Everyone Against Everyone.1436 Words   |  6 Pagesargues that a state of nature will eventually become a state of war of everyone against everyone. According the Hobbes, the main reason behind this change will be the harsh competition over scarce resources caused by the nature of man. Through out this essay Hobbess reasons will be explained in greater detail. In order to truly understand the logic behind Hobbess claim, we must first understand his point of view of human nature. The key element in Hobbess view on human nature was the importance ofRead More analysis Thomas Hobbes?s claim ?a state of nature is, or would be, a state of war of everyone against everyone.?1416 Words   |  6 Pagesstate of nature will eventually become a state of war of everyone against everyone. According the Hobbes, the main reason behind this change will be the harsh competition over scarce resources caused by the nature of man. Through out this essay Hobbes’s reasons will be explained in greater detail. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In order to truly understand the logic behind Hobbes’s claim, we must first understand his point of view of human nature. The key element in Hobbes’s view on human nature was theRead MoreHobbes And The Natural State Of Nature Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pages A hallmark of Thomas Hobbes political philosophy lies in his delineations of two distinct conditions which men can reside in; the state of nature, and the commonwealth led by a sovereign, otherwise referred to as the Leviathan. In order to illustrate how the former state gives way to the latter, Hobbes constructs a perception of nature in which the lives of men are riddled with ambiguity, fear, and distrust. He proposes, then, that the optimal civil society is not constructed by embracing the naturalRead MoreHobbes And The Natural State Of Man1617 Words   |  7 Pages Thomas Hobbes was a divisive figure in his day and remains so up to today. Hobbes’s masterpiece, Leviathan, offend ed his contemporary thinkers with the implications of his view of human nature and his theology. From this pessimistic view of the natural state of man, Hobbes derives a social contract in order to avoid civil war and violence among men. Hobbes views his work as laying out the moral framework for a stable state. In reality, Hobbes was misconstruing a social contract that greatlyRead MoreHobbes, Marx, and Shah1503 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment was an 18th century movement in which rationality and science were placed as the number one things a human could have (Brians). The Enlightenment also propagated the idea equality and liberalism (Brians). Romanticism was an international movement which occurred after the Enlightenment during the late 1700s to the mid-1800s (Melani). It placed emotions at the forefront of human thought (Melani). Thomas Hobbes, a very early Enlightenment thinker, has a variety of ideas which do not coincideRead MoreThomas Hobbes and Modern Liberalism 1505 Words   |  7 Pagesautonomy it is easy to understand why many modern liberals would agree with Hobbes’s political philosophy. However, Thomas Hobbes does not support the concept of a democratic government, rather he supported the notion of a absolutist government up until his death. Special attention must be given to Hobbes’s denial that autonomy can be thought of, or conceived as, a form of self-government. It is important to take note that Hobbes’s argument against democracy is significantly more exhaustive than merelyRead MoreThe State Of Nature As A Free And Equal System1524 Words   |  7 PagesThe state of nature is very differential to that of feudalism which was taking place during Hobbes’s time period; this is evident in social relationships and the characteristics of human beings in each state. In feudal society the notion of equality was not present and was class based, meaning there was a social hierarchy (Weinstein, 2015) , this is r ather different to Hobbes who described the state of nature as a complete free and equal system. In feudal society there is a mutual cooperation andRead MoreThomas Hobbes: Nature and Origins of Human Thought, Emotion, and Society2678 Words   |  11 PagesHobbes used logic and reasoning to develop materialist theories – some impressively similar in nature to neurobiology. His pessimistic views of society are drawn from events in his personal life, primarily the English Civil War. During this time, the horrid events he witnessed caused him to develop a lack of faith in the nature of man. The concepts he created, as shown in Elements of Law and Leviathan due to the also relevant and applicable to current political examples. During the Age of EnlightenmentRead More Hobbes and Absolute Sovereignty Essay3649 Words   |  15 Pagesassumed that in every human society where there is a system of law there is also to be found, latent beneath the variety of political forms, in a democ racy as much as in a absolute monarchy, a simple relationship between subjects rendering habitual obedience, and a sovereign who renders obedience to none. This vertical structure, of sovereign and subjects, according to this theory, is analogous to the backbone of a man. The structure constitutes an essential part of any human society which possessesRead MoreHobbes, Locke, And Rousseau s Theory Of Government3619 Words   |  15 Pagesthat have the most developed view of human nature as it applies to government. a. Each of these philosophers has a literary work or works that look at human nature and its application to government. b. We will be examining Locke’s Second Treatise of Government, Rousseau in On the Social Contract and Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, and Hobbes’s view in Leviathan. c. The specific topics to be examined through comparison of these different works are human nature, natural law, origin and purpose

Mcdonaldization and bureaucracy Free Essays

With the changing state of the society, the concepts of Mcdonaldization and bureaucracy continue to become fundamental. The question of the rationality in their application within the organizations however remains a point of debate. Bureaucracy can be defined as the structural concept and the nature of regulations which are put to provide a control measure into the activities of organization or even the government structures. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonaldization and bureaucracy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their basic comes inform of standard procedure, various structures in the formulating or undertaking responsibilities, the nature of hierarchies within such of organization above the set of the personal relationship within such organizations. This is a sociological concept that seeks to define the inputs of the administration within these organizations in executing their roles and the impacts of enforcing the various rules. An authentic definition of bureaucracy is however to take the form of four structures. These are labor division by the administration, an adequate system of personnel, a layout of organization hierarchy and the network system connecting the organization activities Mcdonaldization is a work defining formula whose root schedule lies in three principles. Control, uniformity and efficiency. Across the globe, the two concepts are however deeply used in organization. In the context of their application, a rational sociologist is left to wonder the logics behind their rationality. At one place, we can argue of the positive implication in the application of the two principles. On the other hand, we can argue of the same as compromising humanity. Due to the diversity in the understanding of these principles, the argumentation in this paper will be basically limited to the benefits of their structures. At the work place is a set of activities, structures, processes and personnel’s for performing different activities. A solid subject of these entire variables brings up the organizational behaviour. Consequently, the aspect of organizational behaviour plays an intrinsic role in formulating the nature of achievement of the organizations goals. For an adequate functional therapy of the workers in performance of their roles, the management should formulate some specific motivational parameters. However, motivation is synonymous to the nature of management. Through adequate tool of management, the employees are subject to motivation. However, poor management structure is harmful to the good of the organization’s workers. (Peters, 2001, p. 79) The above two concepts provide a package of motivational incentives to the workers. From one point of the argument, they can be described as benchmarks for a promoted interpersonal relationship between the workers.   Upright organizational behaviour is the chief contributor towards the success of the organization. Their provision gives an incentive into the interpersonal phenomena between the workers. For both of them, their applications provide efficiency in the workers performance of their activities. Efficiency is the most fundamental basics for ensuring optimality and economical application into the organizations activity.   With optimal characteristics, the organization gets its activities done in the most economical manner in the lowest cost level to yield the greatest benefits. Efficiency safeguards the organizations process into threats of poor performance. With this virtue, the aim of achieving the organizations goals and objectives is never ridiculous but falls within frontiers of success. In its nature, it will involve the perpetuation of the variable of control. The diversity of the organizations activities requires an outlay of control. Control is where the activities and process are subject to be monitored so that their execution compliments the basic laid down requirements and within the framework of the institution structures. The exercise of the concepts provided a solid impression for promoting control in the activities and process within the organizations. With the positive organizational behaviour, the structures within the organization are safeguarded. Every activity by the workers gives an impression of a  Ã‚   positive interpersonal-hood, cohesiveness and harmony between them and the structures. In exercise of the control principle within the organization, the two methods of managerial leadership help to ensure the control/monitor the interpersonal differences that may exist between the different persons. Sound organizational behaviour is important for every aspect of communication. As a rule, communication plays a remarkably important role in the performance of the organizations activities. In the nature of the transactional outlay involved at the work place, a passive or active system of communication should never be compromised. (Peters, 2001, p. 84) With the controlled nature into the activities of the organization, this is the foremost launching pad for its success in terms of achieving its goals and objectives. Consequently McDonaldization and bureaucracy show the nature of the organizational leadership parameters. Since the organization is endowned by a subject of goals and objectives with the aspects of minimal resource packages, a good model of leadership is basic for providing their achievement. As the model of such leadership continues in been intensified, the characteristic hood of the above two forms logical framework for the involved success into the organization. Both the two systems are methods providing a support for some positive regard to the organization structure.   They stress on solid methods that provide a support for an adequate system of governance. They both provide a basic imagery into the guiding factors that seek to enhance a structural framework in the association and relationship between person, activities and processes. This is the first attribute towards providing understanding and agreement between such organizational blocks before minimizing conflict. The essence and subject of conflict can be said to be the biggest threat and enemy to the  Ã‚   organization. This is however a subject result of the conflict theory which acts to provide an interactive manner between the persons and structures in the organization. With the various roles and diversity in the activities and elements in the organization, the above two principle comes as a remedy to the possible consequences of conflict. Though a well-structured system of activity by the parties into this organization, conflict is evaluated and done with. This is an important tool towards achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. As a conclusion therefore, the concepts of bureaucracy and MacDonaldization comes as a remedy into the weaknesses of an organization. Through the application of these concepts, the organization character/nature is brought out as radically of a positive image into the success factor. At one level, the concepts seek to provide harmony and cohesiveness into the different persons within the organization, with an adequate layout of the process, roles and activities, and the persons to perform them, the internal environment is given an impression of promoted activity. Either, they aim at providing an adequate support into the optimal allocation of resources. This is through the adequate and planned nature of the organization. Both of the concepts are important in providing a solid support into the organizational activity. Work cited Peter, B. The politics of Bureaucracy, London: Routledge, 2001       How to cite Mcdonaldization and bureaucracy, Essay examples

Understanding White Collar Crime Essay Sample free essay sample

In the United States. there are many different types of offenses that are committed. One type of offense that is considered non-violent would be white-collar offense. Under white collared offenses there are 100s of different types of offenses that would fall under this class. Sociologist and criminologists have come up with many different theories to what white-collar offense is and what type of people commit these offenses. In the following few paragraphs I will explicate what white-collar offense is and my sentiment on how white-collar offense should be dealt with. Harmonizing to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s ( FBI ) . white-collar offense can be defined as offenses that are built around lying. cheating and larceny ( FBI. Web ) . Although white-collar offense is a wide term that encompasses many different types of non-violent condemnable discourtesies that involve illegal minutess covering with fiscal fraud. White-collar offense can run from graft. peculation and the ft to white-collar strategies like car fix. look into kiting. voucher salvations. ponzi and pyramid strategies ( Schmalleger ) . Although these are merely some of the offenses that are considered white-collar. there are many more offenses mediate these that are considered white-collar every bit good ( FBI. Web ) . Though white-collar offense is a major job. it is hard to document the extent of these offenses because the FBI offense statistics collect information on merely three classs: fraud. counterfeiting and counterfeit. and embezzlement. All other white-collar offenses are listed in an â€Å"other† class ( FBI. Web ) . White-collar offense didn’t merely get down in the past few old ages. Con work forces. defrauders. forgers and defalcators have been perpetrating these offenses for many old ages ( Friedrichs ) . In political relations. white-collar offense polluted the 19th century and. for illustration. tarnished the disposal of President Ulysses S. Grant ( Friedrichs ) . The Teapot Dome Scandal of the mid-1920s did the same for President Warren G. Harding’s disposal. But during these times. because of these high powered work forces that were involved. the United States showed deficiency in penalty towards these types of deceitful offenses ( Friedrichs ) . After the clang of 1929 and the clip of the Great Depression. the public and political attitudes toward white-collar offense began to alter. Thankss to modern media mercantile establishments. these types of behaviours began to pull the public’s attending. In the 1930s. federal Torahs regulated the banking and securities industries ( Friedrichs ) . In 1934. the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) was created to protect investors from white-collar offenses committed against them. Though the SEC has non ever succeeded in catching these white-collar offenses. many agents have been prosecuted since its being ( Friedrichs ) . Edwin H. Sutherland. a sociologist in the early 20th century. gave his definition of the term white-collar offense while giving a address to the American Sociological Association in 1939 ( Schmalleger ) . Sutherland was besides the publishing house of the book White-collar Crime. which he wrote ten old ages subsequently. Sutherland believed that there wa s a immense difference between offenses of robbery. burglary and slaying. which he called â€Å"blue-collar offense. † and white-collar offense. Criminals of blue-collar offenses were typically â€Å"street criminals† ( Schmalleger ) . Their offenses had no nexus to their businesss and they were most likely hapless. Persons of higher economic and societal position. committed white-collar offenses and their offenses were linked to their socially respected professions. Sutherland besides stated that few felons of white-collar offenses spent any prison clip compared to the blue-collar felons. He besides said that white-collar felons had more of a negative impact on U. S. society than street felons ( Schmalleger ) . In the recent old ages. with more province and federal Torahs against these white-collar offenses. it has become more hard to acquire off with such offenses. There are more bureaus out at that place today that aid prevent and assist catch these white-collar felons before they hurt many persons and investors. Agencies like the FBI. the National Check Fraud Center and the National White Collar Crime Center which teaches little to big concerns how to forestall and cognize how to descry a white-collar offense within their company. Even though there are many protections out at that place today. it is still a difficult offense to forestall. Most local jurisprudence enforcement officers don’t see these types of white-collar offenses go on due to the felons perpetrating the offenses are in a private scene when perpetrating these types of offenses ( Schmalleger ) . Normally. the persons perpetrating white-collar offenses are trusted employees within a concern and the offense isn’t caught till after the discourtesy has been made. In decision. white-collar offense has become more of a common thing within concerns today than of all time before. Or. it may going more noticeable as more bar is put into topographic point to catch these white-collar offenses. I do believe most of the white-collar offense committed is due to greed. I besides believe some of these offenses may be caused because of the persons strain in their life the clip of the offense takes topographic point ( Agnew pg. 48 ) . Though a batch more persons are being prosecuted for white-collar offenses that they commit. I still believe that power and money help the single acquire off easier because of their societal position. I blame how the authorities foremost set the societal category stigma between offenses that were committed by so called â€Å"poor† people and â€Å"sophisticated† people. The footings white-collar and blue-collar should hold neer been established by an individual’s societal category. The term non-violent offense mentioned by the FBI may be technically right but tell that to the 1000000s of victims that have suffered from the corrupt felons that destroyed their households. places and even pushed their victims to perpetrate suicide. Although we can non alter the yesteryear. we can merely alter how we approach the hereafter. Mentions Agnew. Robert. ( 1992 ) . Foundation for a general strain theory of offense and delinquency. Criminology. 30 ( 1 ) . 47-87.Schmalleger. Frank. ( 2012 ) . Criminology Today an integrative debut. Friedrichs. David O. 2004. Trusted Criminals: White Collar Crime in Contemporary Society. FBI. Gov. 2012. ( Web )

Why Are We So Concerned With Our Image Essay Example

Why Are We So Concerned With Our Image Essay We are subsequently concerned with our image and the manner others, around us perceive us. We strive, everyday to shine within a multitude of stars and to be fully appreciated by our friends, family and associates. We put on a show, each day according to the way we aspire others to view us, as individual people, who stand out and deserve an encore on our own, personal stages.Our world is a stage, our life is a drama, perfectly played out in our roles, and we are the actors, performing.   Each and every one of us, share similar aspirations in life and yearn for each one of our presentations to be ideal in order to achieve our goals.   Our personal stage must be precisely set and the audiences’ reaction or perception of our acting abilities will be demonstrated through their feedback.During one’s lifetime, a presentation on stage is not always what we anticipate, an event in which Erving Goffman referred to as a â€Å"dramaturgical analysis†.Our social life all ows for more than one role to played, for example, being a student, daughter, or lover, requires different presentations.   As Goffman mentions in his book â€Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday life: Selections.† In our show, we offer an impression to the audience through verbal and body language, and the interaction we communicate to others, relays how we perceive ourselves.   Goffman views the world as micro sociology; social interactions, and according to Henslin, it is face to face interaction demonstrating how people react and behave when they come together and demonstrates how they get along and survive.First impressions are incredibly important since they may affect how others regard us as individuals, while they build our confidence and heighten our reputation as award winning. According to Henslin, â€Å"When you first meet someone, you cannot help but notice certain features, especially the person’s sex, race, age and clothing†. We develop oth er impressions through vision and   by listening to the character. You may possibly hear someone’s name or all about their story before you actually meet them and perhaps you have already developed a pre-developed image of that person.When you are first introduced to a person, important factors furnish us with a cause to imagine and possess assumptions regarding that individual, therefore, regardless of their true character or personality, your assumptions have already shaped your first impression. This is an important explanation of why people are so concern in relation to their image, since all factors have persuasive influence on a person’s social life.The scene displayed when Mary Harron first met with Andy Warhol, is one demonstration of a first impression of an individual. (Harron, 1980) In the article â€Å"Pop Art/ Art Pop: The Warhol Connection,† before Harron actually met with Andy Warhol, she had previously heard numerous stories in relation to Warh ol, and she had already develop a vivid impression of Warhol, consequently, there was little shock about his overall appearance and personality and she was only surprised about Warhol‘s age.Pop art was a subject that came to mind when one imagined Warhol, so his age was never a consideration.Henslin mentions in his book titled â€Å"Essential of Sociology†, (Henslin, 2004) that â€Å"We possess ideas on how we want others to judge us, and we use our character roles in everyday life to communicate these ideas. Goffman referred to these efforts which manage the impressions that others receive from us, as â€Å"impression management†.   Goffman also considered impression management as a way to control our performance as we perform in a certain manner; one that an audience expects from us so they may be guided against an unexpected and unfamiliar scene.I play the role of a daughter, for my parents and my attitude is always respectful and polite since this is how I want to present myself to them.According to lecture notes on micro sociology, Professor Steve discusses the Goffman’s Theory where he explains that â€Å"We are all trying to present an idealized vision of ourselves while trying to hide our very real problems or shortcomings†.   We consistently   want to offer a good impression by acting out what we think others want, so we continually perform our roles according to what the audience wants to see, and the advantage is that we will gain an excellent   reputation if we do meet their expectations but if we fail to meet those expectations, we fail while performing that role.Goffman looks at our daily life as a performance played out on a big stage and as actors performing for our audience; we must remember that what we perform will be our major â€Å"appearance.† Goffman also articulates that â€Å"It is an appearance on the front stage,† which also implies that there is an aspect of our personalities that yet remains on the back stage but front stage is what Goffman is concerned with thus our performance for others will be routinely acknowledged by society. As Speakers in our school clubs and dinners, we are considered actors in a front stage performance.According to an article â€Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life: Selections† by Goffman, he refers to our performances as â€Å"All the activity of an individual which occurs during a period, marked by continuous presence before a particular set of observers and has some influence on our observers.†Ã‚   He also mentions that there are various elements in our appearances. The stage setting includes our physical layout while the background supports our stage. The setting will allow the audience to follow our performance, while the appearance and our method basically describes our social status and the role we play will demonstrate to the audience the level of our educational background and enlighten them whet her we are involved in social activities or if we are aggressive actors, displaying us as great leaders in our performance.In â€Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life: Selection†, Goffman divided the front stage into two parts; we â€Å"give† and â€Å"give off†.   The give involves verbal symbols which he utilized to convey the information in helping the performer and audience to engage in the performance, while the â€Å"give off† includes a wide range of action performances in which the audience may consider feeling sympathy for the actor.Since there is a front stage, there must also be a back stage, where we relax and showcase our full identities without being concerned with how others perceive us.According to the lecture notes by Professor Steve, most of our time is spent performing on front stage, which means wearing costumes and dressing up, however, our back stage performance is a place where we hide our true problems, since everyone does have a secret about themselves. A person may have a drinking problem, gambling or some illegal activity that they wish to keep private. They may try to hide   pieces of their life and during their performance, they may give a different impression to others about who they really are. Goffman offers that we have to conceal the process in order to make our stage performance.   If Goffman is correct in his theory, then we all are exceptional actors who deserve to win Oscars!As Goffman pointed out in his article (Goffman, 1959) â€Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life: Selection†, â€Å"In order to get the setting right for the performance, manner calculating is also important,† which means that good designs should be a big part of the setting and like Mary Harron, Goffman shares her ideas of first impressions, as in her online article â€Å"Pop Art/ Art Pop†, she mentions that one of the reasons that Andy Warhol became a famous pop artist was due to the fact that he respectfully, knew how to calculate and manipulate the media.Warhol has displayed a man who had respect for money, fame and power.   He is a famous artist, who within his social connections is incredibly large, therefore, Harron made the connection that it is not only Warhol who became famous but the people around him; his friends and coworkers became famous, as well.   All famous people have one thing in common; they have more stages to perform on than an average individual, while one stage is for the media and the public, the other stages are held out for their friends and family.â€Å"Movies, radio and TV have changed the nature of fame†, Mary Harron explains that Andy Warhol used this type of communication to build the idea of Pop Art and today, in our society because Andy Warhol is a symbol of pop, and plays the achievement role in his performances and Pop Art is a standard that people and society determine on their own.Warhol built up an idealization of society as he heightened their expectations by expressing his wealth and power.   Goffman also agrees that material possessions are expressed as one of the most important parts of social class as a status symbol.According to our lecture notes, Goffman believes that each of us possess secrets and display our freakiness in some fashion and if we behave in an anticipated manner or perform differently than what others expect, they may feel that we are behaving irrationally, so there is the chance that you could be considered less desirable as a human being.The movie â€Å"Boy’s Don’t Cry† was inspired by a true story by Brandon Teena who has a sexual identity crisis, since she was born with a female’s body but thinks like a male. She cut her hair and taped down her breasts which made her look like a man; her way of setting her stage for her own performance; one that began when she arrived in Nebraska.   The new audience had no idea that she was a female. When Brandon Teena falls in love with Lana and becomes one of Lana’s friends, performing as a young male, she offered a grand performance. Garfinkel offered that she â€Å"Engaged in activities that made her appear to be something she wasn‘t.†Ã‚   The movie is not only about Brandon’s performance but about the environment that supports her status. Garfinkel also believes that we have to manage our own identities through hard work, achievement and accomplishment.There was nothing wrong with Brandon Teena as a person but she was not accepted and marginalized by the society, so she failed in her performance and end up murdered by Lana’s friendsI do believe that our society is changing because bisexuals are becoming more common and people tend to treat bisexuality as normal and in the movie â€Å"Boy’s Don’t Cry,† (Peirce, 1999) we understand how important and effective a front stage and back stage performance can be as we all want to find a spot in society where we can belong.In a personal experience of my own, I was studying aboard in England. When I first arrived at the school, I behaved as a quiet and shy stranger because I didn’t know anything about the people, in England. I didn’t want to offer a performance, until I know more about them..   When I was approached for conversation, I changed my performance by offering an outgoing person, who did want to talk and be socially interactive, in order to make friends.Sometimes, I am nice to people that I don’t like and I play that role. Goffman refers to this behavior as playing different roles, while others call it being two-faced, but the more I think about it, I understand that everyone might have more than two faces on their stage in life.There are many instances during my life performances, where I will be forced to make alterations but I will continue performing, offering an award winning performance!

Free Essays on The Actions Of Eudora Welty’s “A Worn Path”

Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† has actions similar to the actions of a Phoenix. Phoenix Jackson is a old women walking through the woods to get to town for her grandson. Phoenix Jackson is intruded with so many obstacles ,but she keeps going on. A Phoenix is a bird that lived forever by regenerating itself. The similarities of Phoenix Jackson and a phoenix are shown in so many ways. Phoenix Jackson in â€Å"A Worn Path† is worthy of her name through her background, description, and characteristics. The background of a Phoenix reflect upon the background of Phoenix Jackson. â€Å"The Phoenix is a bird that, according to legend, lived for hundreds of years, burned itself to ashes on a funeral pyre, and then rose from the ashes to live again†(312). Phoenix Jackson is similar in so many ways. She is a old women who feels like she lives forever like a Phoenix. Phoenix Jackson started her morning off just like a Phoenix. She always had her cane with her so she could tap the ground in front of her. According to the narrator, â€Å"This made a grave and persistent noise in the still air, that seemed meditative like the chirping of a solitary little bird† (306). A Phoenix would always start its morning off with chirping songs. Even though they are different they are alike in so many ways. Phoenix Jackson has a description similar to a Phoenix. A Phoenix is made up of bright colors. It is made up of red, yellow, gold, and black. The narrator uses similar colors of describing Phoenix Jackson. She is being described like a Phoenix: â€Å"A golden color ran underneath, and the two knobs of her cheeks were illuminated by a yellow burning under the dark. Under the red rag her hair came down on her neck in the frailest of ringlets, still black, and with an odor like copper†(306). The colors used to described the appearance of Phoenix Jackson are the colors of a Phoenix. Even though she is not a bird she is similar in many ways ... Free Essays on The Actions Of Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† Free Essays on The Actions Of Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† has actions similar to the actions of a Phoenix. Phoenix Jackson is a old women walking through the woods to get to town for her grandson. Phoenix Jackson is intruded with so many obstacles ,but she keeps going on. A Phoenix is a bird that lived forever by regenerating itself. The similarities of Phoenix Jackson and a phoenix are shown in so many ways. Phoenix Jackson in â€Å"A Worn Path† is worthy of her name through her background, description, and characteristics. The background of a Phoenix reflect upon the background of Phoenix Jackson. â€Å"The Phoenix is a bird that, according to legend, lived for hundreds of years, burned itself to ashes on a funeral pyre, and then rose from the ashes to live again†(312). Phoenix Jackson is similar in so many ways. She is a old women who feels like she lives forever like a Phoenix. Phoenix Jackson started her morning off just like a Phoenix. She always had her cane with her so she could tap the ground in front of her. According to the narrator, â€Å"This made a grave and persistent noise in the still air, that seemed meditative like the chirping of a solitary little bird† (306). A Phoenix would always start its morning off with chirping songs. Even though they are different they are alike in so many ways. Phoenix Jackson has a description similar to a Phoenix. A Phoenix is made up of bright colors. It is made up of red, yellow, gold, and black. The narrator uses similar colors of describing Phoenix Jackson. She is being described like a Phoenix: â€Å"A golden color ran underneath, and the two knobs of her cheeks were illuminated by a yellow burning under the dark. Under the red rag her hair came down on her neck in the frailest of ringlets, still black, and with an odor like copper†(306). The colors used to described the appearance of Phoenix Jackson are the colors of a Phoenix. Even though she is not a bird she is similar in many ways ...

Internal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internal Analysis - Essay Example Weaknesses of Stilsim: The determination of the internal strengths and weaknesses will help in the analysis of the firm and in identifying the value chain activities. There are a plethora of weaknesses that strike the company's internal processes and some of major ones are mentioned here. There are some basic problems with the leadership of the company. The higher level of the company is faced with lack of communication and information dessimination. Although, Bill Simmons, the CEO of the company is extremely competent and experienced, the rest of the leadership is the contrary. Due to the lack of communication, other business processes are affected as information is not circulated on time. There are three offices that function in three different areas, the information between the three locations are not circulated. This lack of information makes the branches work independently with hardly any synchronization. Adding to the weakness is with the corporate culture of the company. There issue is with the absence of focus among the employees of the company. There is no investment over the development of employees and their skills, there are no trainings provided. The company works on old-fashioned work practices and the employees perform repetitive tasks without any variations or enrichment. Employee guidelines and their job descriptions are not formally documented. As a result of these factors, the employees are not well motivated and satisfied. They do not feel a sense of belonging to the company and have rare understanding of the business value. The lack of employee loyalty also creates demoralization and rivalry among the employees. With the passage of time and the advent of information technology, businesses have to keep up to date with the technological evolutions and maintain their systems in accordance with the advancements in technology in order to gain and maintain a competitive edge. One of the significant weaknesses found with Stilsim was with its techn ological implementations. Most of the systems were old and obsolete. The company does not have temporary methods of work and management which makes causes a great hindrance while competing with other companies. Strengths: The major strength of Stilsim lays in its vast experience of two and a half decades in the industry. Despite the weaknesses, the fact remains that Stilsim has been around for the longest time and by the nature of the business, this is a significant strength. There are loyal customers that have been seeking services from Stilsim and refer the company to others. The experience has led Stilsim to develop a vast network in the industry and even though the employees are not fully satisfied, they are highly experienced as they have been serving the company for a long time. Value Chain Analysis As described before, the value chain comprises of the activities that add value to the end product of the company and help it develop a competitive advantage. According to Porterâ €™s Generic value chain, the primary activities in the value chain of an organization include inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing & sales and service respectively. The support of the activities is through the infrastructure of the firm, the human

Slavery a Comparative Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Slavery a Comparative Analysis - Essay Example Stanley Elkin was born in the 1930s in New York, and later became a Jewish American writer and a short tale novelist. Stanley Elkin is the writer of Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (1959), describing the narration of slavery in Americas work was described as the most controversial and faced a lot of criticism. His writings motivated mostly by Tannenbaum’s study of slavery in North America and Brazil, â€Å"Slave and Citizen (1948)†, compared his study with the modern world to establish why the American slavery was exclusive. He died in May 31, 1995 after suffering multiple sclerosis since 1960. James McPherson was born in October 11, 1936 in valley city, North Dakota. He is an American civil war historian and is the George Henry '86 Professor Emeritus of United States olden times at Princeton University where he has taught since1962. He placed an added fifty years into learning American Civil war, in 1982; he wrote the ordeal by fire d escribing the American civil war. ... rson’s ordeal by fire describes the societal, economic, political and ideological differences that led to a disastrous and intermediary event in American history. Modernization theme is carried out all through the book. McPherson explores the origin of war; slavery associated with war and at the start of war itself and later describes the consequences of the war. He disputes that the war and rebuilding were part of the stages in America’s modernization and that the Republican Party was the motivating force behind the idea of modernization. He proceeds to associate modernization with religion whereby Protestants were its main supporters while Catholics and southerners were against the idea of modernization, thus the vast difference between North and South America in terms of development. Stanley Elkin’s slavery book emphasized that there is a coercive nature in slavery and used the Nazi resemblance to make comparisons. Elkins focused on the effects because of slav ery and the effects the camps had on the slaves too, which made them become more resistant, hence the harsh treatment by the slaveholders. He compared the slavery in the south to Nazism and in many ways, the slaves in the North were far much better than those in the south (Elkins, 1959). The shared mechanism that he believed emerged in both institutions was â€Å"infantilizing trend of complete authority†. They were referred to as property of their slaveholders. Elkin suggested that a major part of North American slavery lacked traditional checks of religion and law on the power of slave owners. Elkin combined knowledge of the history of the holocaust and slavery, he compared the outcome of the holocaust with American slavery something the earlier historians had left untouched. The religious society also

Post Colonial Society: Hamza Alvi

Post Colonial Society: Hamza Alvi In his influential article on the state in post colonial society, Hamza Alvi argues that the original base of the post colonial state apparatus lies in the class forces existing in the colonial era Metropole. The task colonial state apparatus was to subordinate all the indigenous classes (indigenous bourgeois, the Metropolitan neo-colonist bourgeoisie and the landed masses) in the colony. It did not rest on any of these classes. On the contrary, the colonial power established highly developed military and bureaucracy to control these classes, thus the state apparatus was overdeveloped. He further argues that if a colony has a weak and underdeveloped indigenous bourgeoisie, it will be unable at the moment of independence to subordinate the relatively highly developed colonial state apparatus through which the metropolitan power had exercised dominion over it. As an alternative, a new convergence of interests of three competing propertied classes will emerge. Under these circumstances, the bureaucratic-military oligarchy, that has a distinct relative autonomy, would play a role of mediator among these classes and will take a top position in the hierarchy of post colonial state. As a result, the state apparatus acquires relatively autonomous role and is not simply the instrument of any of these classes. Conversely, the demands and interests persist no longer contradictory. Since, this idea was proposed by keeping in mind the political dynamics of post colonial societies of Pakistan and Bangladesh, therefore, my contention is to draw arguments in light of political and social changes in these societies. To draw the role of bureaucracy and military in the colonial era, I will rely on Hamza Alvis accounts and lectures of Dr, Yaqoob K. Bangash. Bureaucracy and Military during Colonial era Hamza Alvi mentions that in colonial India the colonial power established the powerful institutions of bureaucracy and military to subordinate other three bourgeois classes. Therefore, the state structure of India was overdeveloped. This rhetoric is somehow correct in regard of bureaucracy, as it was the main source of policy making and issue resolution. The reason behind the supremacy of bureaucracy was that the colonial apparatus ensured the priority role of bureaucracy in solving the day to day issues of the masses- therefore, the masses accepted their authority. The other possible reason could be the psychological one as the politicians used to blame the bureaucrats in front of public to hide their own failures- so, the masses accepted the quality power of the bureaucracy. He assigns with military the same role in colonial state apparatus as he assigns with bureaucracy. However, the modern researches show that the military, in first half of the 20th century, was not as powerful as portrayed by Alvi. In-fact, the military had no role in decision making as most of the policies were articulated by either parliament or bureaucracy. Moreover, the masses did not know the dominance of military in the state apparatus. Besides, with the beginning of the 20th century the numbers of military personnels in the Indian colonial army were dramatically reduced. Therefore, it is plausible to say that the Hamza Alvi miscalculated the role of military in colonial state apparatus. Therefore, it can be assumed that if the state apparatus was overdeveloped than it would have been partially overdeveloped. In the next section, I will investigate, is there was continuity in the role of the bureaucracy? If not, then under which circumstances the military and bureaucracy took control of the state apparatus? To answer these questions I will draw a chronology of events in post colonial Pakistan with the help of Hamza Alvis and Dr. Ejaz Hussains accounts. Bureaucratic-military oligarchy and Pakistan Muslim League, as being the vanguard of the movement for national independence, inherited the mantle of legitimacy. The Muslim League initially provided the faà §ade of parliamentary government. However, Muslim League leaned heavily on the stature and authority of its leader, Quaid-e Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who died soon after independence. Soon, it lost its bases and started to disintegrate dramatically. As a result, the powerful inherited bureaucracy took a central position. Even during his lifetime Jinnah preferred bureaucratic machinery over electoral politics as he might have thought that a well trained civil bureaucracy would solve Pakistans various problems, such as the settlement of refugees etc. (Hussain 2010, 280). The inherited military that was not fully developed at that time, adopted a strategic partnership with the bureaucracy to accomplish socioeconomic interests (Hussain 2010). Hamza Alvi calls this collaboration bureaucratic-military oligarchy. Bureaucratic-military oligarchy manipulated and installed and barred the politicians and political parties. In 1958, the prospects of the approaching general elections posed a challenge to the supremacy of the bureaucratic-military oligarchy, therefore, it seized power by abolishing the institutions of parliamentary government. Its noteworthy that the constitution was abrogated by ex military man-turned bureaucrat-turned politician Iskandar Mirza. And Later, Commander in Chief Ayub Khan assumed power. But, at this juncture the bureaucratic-military oligarchy employed politicians to extract legitimacy from the masses and in the 1962 spoof democratic politics under Ayub Khans system of Basic Democracy was introduced. Ayub Khan resigned in 1969 but left the reins of power securely in the hands of the bureaucratic-military oligarchy. President Yahya Khan promised restoration of constitutional government and an election was held in December 1970 which ended in the political crisis which culminated in the secession of Bangladesh. Assessments The cross examining of colonial and post colonial state apparatus of Pakistan, depicts that it was a failure of politicians and political parties rather than the weakness of three exploiting bourgeoisie classes to avoid the supremacy of bureaucracy and military. It is also apparent that there was not continuity in the bureaucracys principal role in post colonial state apparatus. Ironically, the political leadership itself invited the bureaucracy to adopt the role of the principal actor. Hence, it can be concluded that the Hamza Alvis overdeveloped thesis is null and void on the basis of two arguments. First, he miscalculated the role of the military in the colonial era that makes the basis of his theory ambiguous. Second, despite his emphasis there was no continuity in the key role of bureaucracy and military in a post colonial state apparatus that makes his thesis illogical. Overview Of Personality Humanist Theorist: Carl Rogers Overview Of Personality Humanist Theorist: Carl Rogers Carl Rogers (1902-1987) humanist theorist is best remembered for his nondirective method of therapy. His approach was based on a client-centered form of clinical work. He believed that a humans basic foundation was that of good and positive features. Rogers theory suggests that people aspire to achieve their fullest potential if unhindered. A trained therapist should only be involved with an individual that is willing to participate in the therapeutic process. This paper will review the theories that Rogers favored and how his research impacted the field of psychology. Rogers was born into a conservative family in a Chicago suburb. His early studies included agricultural, seminary and social philosophy. While pursuing his seminary studies he also took psychology courses at a nearby affiliated school. As his studies progressed he became frustrated with religion and more captivated with psychology. With the influence of psychology instructors he chose to transfer to the affiliated school to pursue his doctorate in clinical psychology where he first encountered Freudian thinking. Like Freud, Rogers became a clinician. However, his strategies in therapy were far different. In the early years of Rogers clinical and laboratory work he was frustrated with the then established forms of psychotherapy. Kirschenbaum (2004) noted that Rogers was impressed at how strong the human will is and how patients will resist even the most skillful therapist interventions when it goes against their purposes or they have not chosen to change themselves. Rogers had become acquainted with relationship therapy from students of Otto Rank, whose focus was on the patients self-insight and self-acceptance within the therapeutic relationship (Kirschenbaum). In 1939, Rogers published his first book, The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child. This publication launched his career and gave him the opportunity to start communicating his own views on counseling and psychotherapy. Now students of Rogers were asking what his views on counseling and psychotherapy were. By 1942 Rogers published those views in his second book, Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice. But Rogers pià ¨ce de rà ©sistance was the publishing the work that defined his place in psychological therapeutic theory, Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications, and Theory, in 1951. Rogers received many awards throughout his life. He was the president for the American Association for Applied Psychology (1944-1945), of the American Psychological Association (APA) (1946-1947), and of the APAs Division of Clinical and Abnormal Psychology (1949-1950); and he was the first president of the newly formed American Academy of Psychotherapists (1956). He remained active in his work until his death in 1987. It was poignant to note that on the day of his death, February 4, 1987, a letter arrived to inform Rogers that he had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Improving the strategies of psychotherapy was very important to Rogers. As a therapist he worked very hard to comprehend concepts available to him. As he began his practice he looked to improve the client-centered process, thereby lending to the development of the client-centered approach, also called person-centered psychotherapy. Rogers association with Sigmund Freud was short-lived and his similarity lies in their primary focus was clinical work. B. F. Skinner and Rogers agreed that they wanted to see approximately the same type of person in the future (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2007, p. 455) but Skinner argued that their differences were in the methods they were choosing to arrive at that future-behaviorism versus humanism. In addition, Rogers and George Kelly alike believed that humans sought, and were capable of, better personal . . . conditions (p. 408). There were several events in Rogers early studies and career that affected the development of his nondirective method of therapy. One of the earliest was that of watching his children grow up. Hergenhan and Olson (2007) discussed an early scrutiny of Rogers saying observing his children grow up taught him far more about individuals, their development, and their relationships than [he] could ever have learned professionally (p. 440). In pursuit of his PhD. Rogers learned that the psychoanalytic approach was often unproductive. The one event, however, according to Kirschenbaum (2004), that seemed to influence his historically noteworthy psychotherapeutic discovery happened while trying to help a mother find a solution to her delinquent sons behavior. Rogers theory that this mothers rejection of her son was the cause of his delinquency was met with no resolution. At the time that they agreed that they had both tried and failed, she queried Rogers about whether he took adults for counsel ing as well as youths. When he responded with assent, she asked for help for herself. It was this experience that Rogers realized that it was the client that knew the direction in which therapy should take. Kirschenbaum quotes Rogers saying that it began to occur to me that unless I had a need to demonstrate my own cleverness and learning, I would do better to rely on the client for the direction of movement in the [therapeutic] process. Additionally, it was at this point in Rogers theoretical progression that he encountered Alfred Adler from which he learned that a therapist could learn more by determining how the patient relates to the here and now (Hergenhan and Olson, 2007, p. 441), rather than focusing the patients history. Boeree (2006) commented on Rogers theories of fulfillment and satisfaction of the needs of all living organisms, even that of plant life-that it is in the nature of all life to expend effort to reach a definitive potential. He further stated that People . . . in the course of actualizing their potentials, created society and culture.   In and of itself, thats not a problem . . . But when we created culture, it developed a life of its own. Confessing that culture is not in itself evil, Boeree noted that culture for the most part has helped humankind survive and prosper, but at the same time it may have caused to hinder a persons self-fulfillment. Alfred Adlers concept of striving for superiority was a forerunner of Rogers suggestion of the incongruent self. Rogers believed that people, even infants, when given the chance, will choose what is best for them (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2007, p. 443). This is related to Rogers method of Organismic Valuing Process. He believed that experience was the authority on the developing personality. Rogers was noted as saying that Neither the Bible nor the prophets-neither Freud nor research-neither the revelations of God nor man-can take precedence over my own experience (p. 444). Rogers optimistic view of the human personality development fostered his belief that humans strive to positively enhance their own experience. He believed that experience took authority over all else, hence he pardoned persons that acted negatively attributing it to fear and defensiveness. Negative behavior was not in accordance with nature. Rogers believed that even those who acted out of fear and defensiveness had strong positive tendencies at deep levels which needed to be discovered. According to Hergenhahn and Olsen, the positive tendency Rogers was speaking of was the actualizing tendency (p.443). According to Rogers, actualizing tendency is the driving force as opposed to Freuds instincts as the driving force behind personality. Using actualizing tendency, humans evaluate their experiences with the organismic valuing process. This process, Rogers believed was within each human. It is sanctioned by a persons own senses. Other in the environment can devalue and even reject an individuals personal valuing process. When that occurs, many adopt other values to please external sources and the self-actualization goal is stunted. Cooper (2003) suggests this leaves the individual adapting to ideas and values conceived by others and thereby torn between what should be a fluid and malleable process, maximizing their ultimate development, and the rigid concepts of others. This can be particularly precarious because as Pescitelli (1996) suggests a person that is self-accepting is more accepting of others. That being the case, the individual may be overly influenced by the ideas of others, corrupting their personal fulfillment. Further, Cooper indicated that with Rogers and other humanistic psychologists the resolution came with reconnecting with the individual experience process. This process could be accomplished with Rogers nondirective, client-centered therapy that uses empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence (p. 96). In Rogers phenomenological reality, Hergenhahn and Olson (2007) noted that the subjective world determines the behavior of people. When the environment interrupts the positive developmental process that takes place naturally, the individual misses experiences that enhance the self-concept that is positively valued and prepares for the emergence of the self. When an event or experience enters a persons awareness it becomes symbolized according to Rogers (p.444). Pescitelli (1996) commented on the value of an individual realizing their fullest potential and agreed that there needed to be an internal agreement within the individual and that the human capacity for awareness and the ability to symbolize gives us enormous power . . . but he also advised that care be taken, because if the self-awareness is distorted, then the growth may be unstable. Critical to Rogers person-centered approach to therapy is the clients receiving love, care, respect and acceptance from persons that are important the individuals life is the need for positive regard. People want to feel appreciated by the people that are most important to them. In the work of Rogers (1979), he stated that each individual has within him or herself vast resources for self-understanding, for altering the self-concept, basic attitudes, and his or her self-directed behavior. . . and that three conditions needed to exist to foster a growth-promoting climate in any situation which development of the person is the goal, (1) congruence, (2) unconditional positive regard, and (3) empathetic understanding. Incongruency occurs when people stop using their organismic valuing process. When people lose their sense of value, they begin to lean on society to make choices for them. This is when society begins to determine value over what their internal value system should tell them. Their frame of reference belongs to someone else. This is the first condition that Rogerss suggested was important between the therapist and the client-congruence. A genuineness and realness is imperative on the part of the therapist for the client to excel in their growth potential. Secondly, the unconditional positive regard was the means in which the therapist demonstrates acceptance of the clients climate at that moment. Moments change, attitudes change and the therapist needs to show nonpossessive [sic] caring (Rogers, 1979) for the client to flourish. Rogers believed that unconditional positive regard was an essential ingredient of psychotherapy (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2007, p 450). Thirdly, the precursor of the qualified therapist is achievement of empathetic understanding. It is vital that the therapist be so attuned to the client that they can clarify not only the meanings of which the client is aware but even those just below the level of awareness. According to Rogers, thi s was the ability to listen with real understanding, true empathy (1979). One noteworthy event that Rogers participated in was a video recording of an interview with a client, Gloria. This video recording was one of a three part film series comparing three forms of psychotherapy: (1) Client-centered by Carl Rogers, (2) Gestalt by Frederick Perls, and (3) Rational emotive by Albert Ellis. The client-centered approach ended with remarks by Rogerss interview with Gloria whereas, in essence, he was moved by the process that Gloria progressed through in her efforts of self-discovery starting with her description of her past and moving into her current situation. The evidence was demonstrated by Rogers-the value of the establishing the proper climate for the exchange of information, the genuineness of the therapist and the showing of empathy. These measures gave an observable impact on Gloria (Psychological Films, 1965). A study by Wickman and Campbell (2003) investigated the session between Rogers and Gloria. The study attested to the result of the client-cente red approach that Rogers employed. It genuinely made a difference in how Gloria felt about herself, when they reported that she made the statement Rogers had helped me to recognize my potential-my value as a human being gives credit to that concept. Additionally, Rogerss demonstration of empathy, genuineness and unconditional positive regard during the session helped Gloria see that she could be her own agent of change. As far as the analysis of Rogers work and impact on current psychotherapy is concerned, the overall desire of all type of therapy is that of taking care of the patient. In many cases, as Rogerss work showed it is that the patient that knows simply what is causing them trouble. The work of the client-centered therapist is to delve into the patients comments and to help them to uncover a workable solution to their problem on their own. The trained therapist should have the tools to help them to do so. Rogerss concept is very simplistic. There are occasions where a patient or client may have some physical limitation or mental illness that inhibits the progression to achieving a fully functioning person, i.e., schizophrenia, bi-polar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and others. Therapy alone may not be the solution, but therapy with medication may bring the patient very close. Hergenhahn and Olson (2007) observed that Rogers also felt strongly that a when person that does what truly feels good [that] is the best guide for action (p.462). They also remarked that Rogers said little about the developmental experiences that are conducive to healthy growth. I would posit that talk-therapy like what was demonstrated by Rogers with the patient; Gloria is a very effective strategy for someone like me. Intelligent, functioning persons that lack in positive self-esteem or reinforcement, benefit when tactical questions and conversational techniques like those of Rogers are used. It is also noteworthy that Rogers form of psychotherapy is still evident in the work of psychologists today. What is personally evident is that there are numerous therapeutic strategies available to psychologists that are positioned to help persons effectively grow and prosper in this fast-paced society that surrounds humankind today. The path that has been laid and that is being laid is vast. Personalities are challenging to decipher and it takes a psychologist willing to learn about and assimilate the plethora of information and patterns of therapy available to them to be able to benefit the many which ultimately becomes the few.

Chevrolet Corvette

Third generation-C3 (1968–1982) Main article:  Chevrolet Corvette (C3) [pic] [pic] 1971 Corvette Stingray Convertible The third generation Corvette, patterned after the  Mako Shark II  concept car, was introduced for the 1968 model year and was in production until 1982. C3 coupes featured the first use ofT-top  removable roof panels. It introduced monikers that were later revived, such as LT-1, ZR-1, and Collector Edition. In 1978, the Corvette's 25th anniversary was celebrated with a two-tone Silver Anniversary Edition and an Indy Pace Car replica edition of the C3.This was also the first time that a Corvette was used as a Pace Car for the  Indianapolis 500. [26] Engines and chassis components were mostly carried over from the C2, but the body and interior were new. The 350  cu  in (5. 7  L) engine replaced the old 327  cu  in (5. 36  L) as the base engine in 1969, but power remained at 300  bhp (224  kW). 1969 was the only year for a C3 to optionall y offer either a factory installed side exhaust or normal rear exit with chrome tips.The all-aluminum ZL1 engine was also new for 1969; the special big-block engine was listed at 430-hp (320  kW), but was reported to produce 560  hp (420  kW) and propelled a ZL1 through the 1/4 mile in 10. 89 seconds. [27] There was an extended production run for the 1969  model year  due a lengthy labor strike, which meant sales were down on the 1970 models, to 17,316. [28]  1970 small-block power peaked with the optional high compression, high-revving LT-1 that produced 370  bhp (276  kW). The 427 big-block was enlarged to 454  cu  in (7. 44  L) with a 390  bhp (291  kW) rating.The ZR-1 special package was an option available on the 1970 through 1972 model years, and included the LT-1 engine combined with special racing equipment. Only 53 ZR-1's were built. [29] [pic] [pic] 1973 Corvette Stingray Coupe In 1971, to accommodate regular low-lead fuel with lower anti-knock pr operties, the engine compression ratios were lowered which resulted in reduced power ratings. The power rating for the 350  cu  in (5. 7  L) L48 base engine decreased from 300 to 270 horsepower and the optional special high performance LT1 engine decreased from 370 to 330 horsepower.The big-block  LS6 454  was reduced from 450 to 425  bhp (317  kW), though it was not used in Corvettes for 1970; it was used in the  Chevelle SS. For the 1972 model year, GM moved to the  SAE Net  measurement which resulted in further reduced, but more realistic, power ratings than the previous SAE Gross standard. [12]  Although the 1972 model's 350  cu  in (5. 7  L) horsepower was actually the same as that for the 1971 model year, the lower net horsepower numbers were used instead of gross horsepower.The L48 base engine was now rated at 200  bhp (150  kW) and the optional LT1 engine was now rated at 270  bhp (200  kW). [12]  1974 models had the last true dual exhau st system that was dropped on the 1975 models with the introduction ofcatalytic converters  requiring the use of no-lead fuel. Engine power decreased with the base ZQ3 engine producing 165  bhp (123  kW), the optional L82's output 205  bhp (153  kW), while the 454 big-block engine was discontinued. Gradual power increases after 1975 peaked with the 1980 model's optional L82 producing 230  bhp (172  kW). [9]Styling changed subtly throughout the generation until 1978 for the car's 25th anniversary. The Sting Ray nameplate was not used on the 1968 model, but Chevrolet still referred to the Corvette as a Sting Ray; however, the 1969 (through 1976) models used the â€Å"Stingray† name as one word, without the space. [30]  In 1970, the body design was updated including fender flares, and interiors were refined, which included redesigned seats. Due to government regulation,[citation needed]  the 1973 Corvette's chrome front  bumper  was changed to a 5-mile-per- hour (8  km/h)system with a  urethane  bumper cover. 973 Corvettes are unique in that sense, as they are the only year where the front bumper was polyurethane and the rear retained the chrome two-piece bumper set. 1973 was also the last year chrome bumpers were used. The optional wire-spoked wheel covers (left) were offered for the last time in 1973. From 1974 onwards both the front and rear bumpers were polyurethane. [pic] [pic] 1974 Corvette Stingray Coupe In 1974, a 5-mile-per-hour (8  km/h) rear bumper system with a two-piece, tapering urethane bumper cover replaced the  Kamm-tail  and chrome bumper blades, and matched the new front design from the previous year. 975 was the last year for the convertible, (which did not return for 11 years) and  Dave McLellan  succeeded  Zora Arkus-Duntov  as the Corvette's Chief Engineer. [31]  For the 1976 models the fiberglass floor was replaced with steel panels to provide protection from the  catalytic converter's hi gh  operating temperature. Stingray 15 model years where the names Corvette, Sting Ray, and Stingray were synonymous. 1977 was last year the tunneled roof treatment with vertical back window was used, in addition leather seats were available at no additional cost for the first time.The black exterior color returned after a six-year absence. [32] The 1978 25th Anniversary model introduced the  fastback  glass rear window and featured a new interior and dashboard. Corvette's 25th anniversary was celebrated with the Indy 500 Pace Car limited edition and a Silver Anniversary model featuring silver over gray lower body paint. All 1979 models featured the previous year's pace car seats and offered the front and rear  spoilers  as optional equipment. [13]  In 1980, the Corvette received an integratedaerodynamic  redesign that resulted in a significant reduction in  drag.After several years of weight increases, 1980 Corvettes were lighter as engineers trimmed both body and c hassis weight. [8]  In mid-1981, production shifted from  St. Louis, Missouri  to  Bowling Green, Kentucky, and several two-tone paint options were offered. The 1981 models were the last available with a manual transmission until well into the 1984 production run. In 1982, a fuel-injected engine returned, and a final C3 tribute Collectors Edition featured an exclusive, opening rear window hatch. [8] 1980–1982 [pic] [pic] 1980 Corvette CoupeIn 1980, both front and rear bumper covers were restyled with integrated  aerodynamicspoilers that resulted in a significant reduction in drag and increased radiator air flow. The hood was also restyled. The crossed-flag emblems disappeared from the front fenders and were revised to a more elongated style on the nose and fuel door. L-82 emblems moved from the hood to the front fenders on cars ordered with the optional high performance engine. This was the finale for the L-82, now producing 230  hp (172  kW) but it could not be mated to a 4-speed, as the manual gearbox was offered only with the base engine.The speedometer in all cars read to a maximum of 85  mph (137  km/h), mandated by a new and controversial federal law. Air conditioning became standard, as did the tilt-telescopic steering column, power windows, exterior sport mirrors, and the convenience group. New was an optional roof panel carrier that would mount to the rear  fastback  deck. [31]  Many weight-saving components were introduced including thinner body panels and an aluminum Dana 44 IRS (Independent Rear Suspension) differential and crossmember.The new lighter unit replaced the arguably stronger cast iron GM 10 bolt IRS differential. [30]In line with further weight savings, the aluminum intake manifold associated with L-82 engines since 1978 was now installed in all cars. For the first time, due to California emission considerations, a unique engine application was installed in cars delivered to that state and was mandatory. T his motor was a 305  cu  in (5. 0  L)  V8 engine  rated at 180  hp (134  kW), fitted with new tubular stainless steel exhaust manifolds, and mated to an automatic transmission, also mandatory.The carburetor and ignition timing were controlled by Chevrolet’s new Computer Command Control system. The smaller displacement engine was not available in any other state. California buyers were credited $50 as consolation but had to pay for the California emissions certification which was $250. For comparison, the L-48 350  cu  in (5. 7  L) engine, standard in the other 49 states, was rated at 190  hp (142  kW). The base price increased four times during the model year raising the cost of the car by more than $1,200 to $14,345,24. [3]In 1981, there was only one powerplant available, a 350  cu  in (5. 7  L) engine that, like the L-48 base engine the previous year, produced 190  hp (142  kW), but was now designated the L81. The motor was certified in all states and available with manual or automatic transmissions. Chrome air cleaner lids and cast magnesium valve covers dressed up all engines. The stainless steel exhaust manifolds and computer control system introduced on the 305  cu  in (5. 0  L) California engines the previous year were now standard, as was an auxiliary electric engine cooling fan.This, the last C3 available with a manual transmission, so equipped, had a published 0-60  mph in 8. 1  seconds. This model year was the first to use a plastic rear spring, now a Corvette trademark. The spring saved thirty-six pounds, but was limited to base suspensions with automatic transmission. When equipped with Delco's new optional ETR (Electronically Tuned Receiver) radio with digital clock, the quartz analog instrument panel clock was replaced with an oil temperature gauge. The cast aluminum wheels, optional since ’76, were now ordered on 90 percent of the cars at a cost of $428. 3]  New options included a powe r adjustable driver’s seat and power remote outside mirrors. In mid-1981 production shifted from  St. Louis, Missouri  to  Bowling Green, Kentucky, and several two-tone paint options were offered. [pic] [pic] 1982 Corvette Coupe 1982 saw the debut of the â€Å"Cross-Fire Injection† fuel delivery system. This TBI (Throttle Body Fuel Injection) was not the type of  fuel injection  installed previously in some C1 and C2 Corvettes. It utilized two throttle bodies combined with Chevrolet’s computer control system. 3]  The engine produced 200  hp (149  kW) and was mated to a new four-speed automatic transmission with torque converters bypass in the top three gears. Compared to the previous  Turbo-Hydramatic  3-speed, the new 700-R4 transmission had a lower first and second gear for improved low-end acceleration, and a fourth gear  overdrive  that would reduce engine RPM by 30 percent at highway cruising speeds, resulting in better fuel economy. On the downside, the new transmission was not considered a strong unit and proved problematic. [32]  The final model C3 Corvette's published performance numbers were 0-60 in 7.   seconds-the quarter-mile in 16. 1 @ 85  mph (137  km/h). This was the last year for 8-track tape availability and new â€Å"cross-fire injection† emblems appeared on front fenders. Nose and fuel door crossed-flags emblems changed to a more squared design. Chevrolet knew this would be the last year of an entire generation of Corvettes and so commemorated the occasion by offering a Collector Edition with separate serial number sequencing, silver-beige paint, unique wheels patterned after the 1967 model's bolt-on alloys, and an operable rear hatch window. [33] [edit]Special models